Soil Quality
What is soil?
Soil is a dynamic resource that supports plant life. It is
made up of different sized mineral particles (sand, silt,
and clay), organic matter, and numerous species of
living organisms. Thus, soil has biological, chemical,
and physical properties, some of which are dynamic and
can change in response to how the soil is managed.
What does soil do for us?
Soil provides several essential services or functions:
Soil supports the growth and diversity of plants and
animals by providing a physical, chemical, and
biological environment for the exchange of water,
nutrients, energy and air.
Soil regulates the distribution of rain or irrigation water
between infiltration and runoff, and regulates the flow
and storage of water and solutes, including nitrogen,
phosphorus, pesticides, and other nutrients and
compounds dissolved in the water.
Soil stores, moderates the release of, and cycles plant
nutrients and other elements.
Soil acts as a filter to protect the quality of water, air,
and other resources.
Soil supports structures and protects archeological
treasures.
What is soil quality?
Soil quality is the capacity of a specific kind of soil to
function, within natural or managed ecosystem
boundaries, to sustain plant and animal productivity,
maintain or enhance water and air quality, and support
human health and habitation. Changes in the capacity of
soil to function are reflected in soil properties that
change in response to management or climate.
Why is soil quality important?
Management that enhances soil quality will benefit
cropland, rangeland, and woodland productivity.
Enhanced soil quality can help to reduce the onsite and
offsite costs of soil erosion, improve water and nutrient
use efficiencies, and ensure that the resource is
sustained for future use. It also benefits water quality,
air quality, and wildlife habitat.
How is soil quality evaluated?
Soil quality is evaluated separately for each individual
soil using soil quality indicators that reflect changes in
the capacity of the soil to function. Useful indicators are
those that are sensitive to change, and change in
response to management. The type and number of
indicators used depends on the scale of the evaluation
(i.e., field, farm, watershed, or region) and the soil
functions of interest. For example, infiltration rate and
aggregate stability help indicate the capacity of the soil
to intake water and resist runoff and erosion. Changes in
soil organic matter, including active organic carbon or
particulate soil organic matter, may indicate changes in
productivity. Increased bulk density may reflect limits to
root growth, seedling emergence, and water infiltration.
Measurements of indicators can be made with simple to
somewhat complex field tests, or sophisticated
laboratory analyses.
To evaluate soil quality, indicators can be assessed at
one point in time or monitored over time to establish
trends.
An assessment provides information about the current
functional status or quality of the soil. The assessment
must start with an understanding of the standard,
baseline value, or reference value to be used for
comparison. Assessments can be made to help identify
areas where problems occur, to identify areas of special
interest, or to compare fields under different
management systems. Land managers can use this
information, along with data from soil surveys, fertility
tests, and other resource inventory and monitoring data,
to make management decisions.
Monitoring of soil quality indicators over time
identifies changes or trends in the functional status or
quality of the soil. Monitoring can be used to determine
the success of management practices or the need for
additional management changes or adjustments.
What concerns relate to soil quality?
Evaluating soil quality can improve the response to
many resource concerns, including those listed below.
For further information, refer to other Soil Quality
Information Sheets.
• Loss of soil by erosion
• Deposition of sediment by wind or floodwaters
• Compaction of layers near the surface
• Degradation of soil aggregates or soil structure
• Reduced infiltration and increased runoff
• Crusting of the soil surface
• Nutrient loss or imbalance
• Pesticide carryover
• Buildup of salts
• An unfavorable change in pH
• Loss of organic matter
• Reduced biological activity
• Poor residue breakdown
• Infestation by weeds or pathogens
• Excessive wetness
• Increased water-repellency of soils due to fire
• Reduced water quality
• Greenhouse gas emissions
Soil is a dynamic resource that supports plant life. It is
made up of different sized mineral particles (sand, silt,
and clay), organic matter, and numerous species of
living organisms. Thus, soil has biological, chemical,
and physical properties, some of which are dynamic and
can change in response to how the soil is managed.
What does soil do for us?
Soil provides several essential services or functions:
Soil supports the growth and diversity of plants and
animals by providing a physical, chemical, and
biological environment for the exchange of water,
nutrients, energy and air.
Soil regulates the distribution of rain or irrigation water
between infiltration and runoff, and regulates the flow
and storage of water and solutes, including nitrogen,
phosphorus, pesticides, and other nutrients and
compounds dissolved in the water.
Soil stores, moderates the release of, and cycles plant
nutrients and other elements.
Soil acts as a filter to protect the quality of water, air,
and other resources.
Soil supports structures and protects archeological
treasures.
What is soil quality?
Soil quality is the capacity of a specific kind of soil to
function, within natural or managed ecosystem
boundaries, to sustain plant and animal productivity,
maintain or enhance water and air quality, and support
human health and habitation. Changes in the capacity of
soil to function are reflected in soil properties that
change in response to management or climate.
Why is soil quality important?
Management that enhances soil quality will benefit
cropland, rangeland, and woodland productivity.
Enhanced soil quality can help to reduce the onsite and
offsite costs of soil erosion, improve water and nutrient
use efficiencies, and ensure that the resource is
sustained for future use. It also benefits water quality,
air quality, and wildlife habitat.
How is soil quality evaluated?
Soil quality is evaluated separately for each individual
soil using soil quality indicators that reflect changes in
the capacity of the soil to function. Useful indicators are
those that are sensitive to change, and change in
response to management. The type and number of
indicators used depends on the scale of the evaluation
(i.e., field, farm, watershed, or region) and the soil
functions of interest. For example, infiltration rate and
aggregate stability help indicate the capacity of the soil
to intake water and resist runoff and erosion. Changes in
soil organic matter, including active organic carbon or
particulate soil organic matter, may indicate changes in
productivity. Increased bulk density may reflect limits to
root growth, seedling emergence, and water infiltration.
Measurements of indicators can be made with simple to
somewhat complex field tests, or sophisticated
laboratory analyses.
To evaluate soil quality, indicators can be assessed at
one point in time or monitored over time to establish
trends.
An assessment provides information about the current
functional status or quality of the soil. The assessment
must start with an understanding of the standard,
baseline value, or reference value to be used for
comparison. Assessments can be made to help identify
areas where problems occur, to identify areas of special
interest, or to compare fields under different
management systems. Land managers can use this
information, along with data from soil surveys, fertility
tests, and other resource inventory and monitoring data,
to make management decisions.
Monitoring of soil quality indicators over time
identifies changes or trends in the functional status or
quality of the soil. Monitoring can be used to determine
the success of management practices or the need for
additional management changes or adjustments.
What concerns relate to soil quality?
Evaluating soil quality can improve the response to
many resource concerns, including those listed below.
For further information, refer to other Soil Quality
Information Sheets.
• Loss of soil by erosion
• Deposition of sediment by wind or floodwaters
• Compaction of layers near the surface
• Degradation of soil aggregates or soil structure
• Reduced infiltration and increased runoff
• Crusting of the soil surface
• Nutrient loss or imbalance
• Pesticide carryover
• Buildup of salts
• An unfavorable change in pH
• Loss of organic matter
• Reduced biological activity
• Poor residue breakdown
• Infestation by weeds or pathogens
• Excessive wetness
• Increased water-repellency of soils due to fire
• Reduced water quality
• Greenhouse gas emissions
Available Fact Sheets:
Sediment Deposition on Cropland